Why was Alfred so Great?
By Millie Thom
Many
thanks, Mary Anne, for giving me the opportunity to talk about one of the two
main characters in my Sons of Kings
series. I’m delighted to be here, adding my ‘two pence worth’ about King
Alfred, who has become almost a household name in recent years, mainly thanks
to the two great TV series. I seem to have had this character in my head for so
many years it will be strange when I need to focus on someone else.
 |
| Statue of King Alfred in Wantage Market Place. |
I first became interested in Alfred’s story when I lived and taught in Wantage, his place of birth, for six years in the 1970s. The story of his long fight against the invading Danes had intrigued me even before I moved to the town, and in Wantage I learnt so much more about him. Unfortunately, it was to be many more years before I could actually set to and write about this ‘Great’ king.
Over
the past three thousand years there have been fewer than twenty individuals
upon whom the title of ‘the Great’ has been conferred. In Ancient Greece we
have Cyrus and Alexander, and at the beginning of Christian times, Pompey and
Hero, then Constantine almost three centuries later. In the Western Empire we
see the Frankish king and Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne (Charles the Great),
and the German Otto 1 becoming known as ‘the Great’.
I won’t continue with the rest, but will say
that the title seems to have been handed out in a random kind of way and that
some characters who may seem deserving of the title have been overlooked.
Examples of this can be seen in the cases of both Julius Caesar and Augustus
whose achievements were very notable. Why is it, then, that Pompey – arguably far
less historically important – holds the title of ‘the Great’, whilst they do not? Napoleon too, despite the efforts of
patriotic French historians, was never awarded this title.
Among
the many monarchs in Britain over the centuries, we find two kings who became
‘Great’. One is King Cnut (or Canute) the king of Denmark, Norway and England
in the 10th century, generally best known for supposedly holding
back the waves. Although
he is often described as the ‘most effective king in Anglo-Saxon history’ Cnut
was Danish, not British or Anglo-Saxon, so is often overlooked as a ‘great’
British king by historians.
 |
Image of King Cnut — Wikipedia
But
the other of the two British kings to have been called ‘the Great’, Alfred, King
of Wessex, was undoubtedly a Saxon – although the title wasn’t bestowed upon
him until post medieval times.
Compared
to other ‘greats’ like Constantine and Charlemagne, whose exploits covered huge
areas and involved enormous decisions, Alfred’s story is significant only when
we consider the poverty of his resources and lack of means , as well as his own
personal battle against a lifelong, debilitating illness, which many historians
believe to have been Crohn’s disease. In the face of such adversity, his story
is one of triumph of character – and for that, he will never be forgotten.
Alfred saved his kingdom, Wessex (then all the land south of the River Thames),
and left his son, Edward, to bring Mercia (the Midlands) under his control.
Alfred’s grandson, Aethelstan, despite constant challenges, further extended control
as far as the Scottish borders.
|
Statue of Alfred in Winchester, the town he made his
capital.
Information at the base of Alfred’s statue in Winchester.
Alfred’s
military accomplishments are the things most people know about. Starting with
his defeat of the Danes at Ashdown in 871, while he was still only his brother,
King Aethelred’s, second in command, his long struggle against overwhelming numbers
of Norse invaders is one that has been loved by story-tellers down the
centuries. His desperate withdrawal to the Somerset marshes in 877 continues to
enthral and spark the imagination. It was during that time, when he was at his
lowest ebb and all seemed lost, that the fictional/mythical tale of him burning
the woman’s cakes/loaves of bread supposedly took place.
The Alfred Jewel, discovered in 1693 in North
Pemberton, Somerset. It is owned by the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. The
inscription on the back says ‘Alfred had me made’.
Alfred
never looked back or felt at a loss from then on. He went on to raise another
army and win a decisive victory at the Battle of Edington in early May 878.
Although this was by no means the end of Alfred’s battles with the Danes, it
was the start of his great leadership and from then on we see him putting into
practice defensive measures across his kingdom and leading with wisdom and
forethought.
Alfred’s
‘greatness’, is not due to his political achievements alone. The title is also
a tribute to his character and far-reaching views regarding building
construction, learning and military and naval advancements.
Image based on information, “The Defence of
Wessex” by Hill and Rumble. Author: Hel-hama. Creative Commons.
The city walls at Winchester, Saxon and medieval
work on Roman Foundations. From geog.org.uk. Creative Commons.
As an administrator Alfred advocated justice and order and
established a code of laws and a reformed coinage. He had a strong belief in
the importance of education and learnt Latin in his late thirties. He then
arranged, and himself took part in, the translation of books from Latin to
Anglo-Saxon.
Plaque at the base of King Alfred’s statue in
Wantage Market Place.
The first tentative step towards the unification of the Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms was (arguably) made by Alfred’s father, King Aethelwulf, when he made
a treaty with King Beorhtwulf of Mercia. Alfred took things further, firstly by
marrying a Mercian woman and later, marrying his eldest daughter, Aethelflaed,
to a prominent Mercian ealdorman. In doing this – and the fact that his
son-in-law never took the title of King of Mercia – Alfred, and his son after
him, could happily take on that role. From then on, unions with the individual
kingdoms continued until Alfred’s grandson, Aethelstan, became known as ‘The
first king of the ‘English’ or
‘Anglish’– a name derived mostly from the name of the Angles (as in
Anglo-Saxons). And England was Angleland.
Many stories about Alfred refer to him as ‘the wise king’, ‘England’s darling’ or ‘Truthteller’. But one chronicler in the Abingdon Chronicle evidently didn’t like Alfred one bit and called him ‘a Judas … piling bad deeds on top of each other.’ The reason he gives is that Alfred ‘violently alienated estates from the monastery’. In the 11th century, William of Malmesbury continues this by saying that Alfred ‘took their (i.e. the monasteries’) land and revenues for his own use.
Many stories about Alfred refer to him as ‘the wise king’, ‘England’s darling’ or ‘Truthteller’. But one chronicler in the Abingdon Chronicle evidently didn’t like Alfred one bit and called him ‘a Judas … piling bad deeds on top of each other.’ The reason he gives is that Alfred ‘violently alienated estates from the monastery’. In the 11th century, William of Malmesbury continues this by saying that Alfred ‘took their (i.e. the monasteries’) land and revenues for his own use.
It
is true that Alfred became very unpopular with many of the monastic orders. At
times during his fight to keep Wessex from the Danes, it had been necessary to
‘pay them off’. In other words he needed huge sums of money to pay the Danes
‘tribute’, or Danegeld, in exchange for them leaving Wessex alone and moving
elsewhere to raid – which worked, at least, for a time. To find enough money to
do this he was forced to turn to both the Wessex nobility and the Church.
I
think in this case, perhaps the monks should have been told ‘You can’t have
your cake and eat it…’ If Alfred hadn’t taken their money, the Danes would have
done! It wouldn’t surprise me to discover that Alfred did, indeed, say
something very similar – in his politest Anglo-Saxon, of course.
 |
Alfred the Great silver offering penny, 871-899.
‘Aelfred Rex Saxonum’ (Alfred, King of the Saxons).
In
my series, Alfred’s story is told alongside that of a second protagonist,
Eadwulf, the fictional son of King Beorhtwulf of Mercia. But Eadwulf’s life takes
a completely different route, as told in Book One, Shadow of the Raven:
Two
kingdoms threatened; two sons of kings learning to survive…
I am currently writing the fourth and final
book in the series, ‘King of the Anglo
Saxons’ the title applying to Alfred in the later years of his life. This
book will bring both Alfred’s and Eadwulf’s stories to a close.
Shadow of the Raven
(Sons of Kings Book 1)
"Historical fiction at
its best.'
By the mid ninth century, Danish raids on Anglo-Saxon kingdoms have escalated. Several bands even dare to overwinter on the coastal islands, particularly those at the mouth of the Thames, where the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia border each other.
The kings of these lands must put past enmity- aside and take the first steps towards unity; steps they see as vital in the face of this newfound threat to their lands . . .
Alfred of Wessex and Eadwulf of Mercia are the sons of kings, whose futures have been determined since birth. But the turbulent events in their childhood years change the natural progression of things – and shape the characters of the men they will become.
Their roads to manhood follow vastly different routes, but both learn crucial lessons along the way: lessons that will serve them well in future years.
Discovering that the enemy is not always a stranger is a harsh lesson indeed; the realisation that a trusted kinsman can turn traitor is the harshest lesson of all.
The story takes us from the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex to the Norse lands stretching north from Denmark to the Arctic Circle and east to the Baltic Sea. We glimpse the Court of Charles the Bald of West Francia and journey to the holy city of Rome.
And through it all, the two boys move ever closer to their destinies.
By the mid ninth century, Danish raids on Anglo-Saxon kingdoms have escalated. Several bands even dare to overwinter on the coastal islands, particularly those at the mouth of the Thames, where the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia border each other.
The kings of these lands must put past enmity- aside and take the first steps towards unity; steps they see as vital in the face of this newfound threat to their lands . . .
Alfred of Wessex and Eadwulf of Mercia are the sons of kings, whose futures have been determined since birth. But the turbulent events in their childhood years change the natural progression of things – and shape the characters of the men they will become.
Their roads to manhood follow vastly different routes, but both learn crucial lessons along the way: lessons that will serve them well in future years.
Discovering that the enemy is not always a stranger is a harsh lesson indeed; the realisation that a trusted kinsman can turn traitor is the harshest lesson of all.
The story takes us from the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex to the Norse lands stretching north from Denmark to the Arctic Circle and east to the Baltic Sea. We glimpse the Court of Charles the Bald of West Francia and journey to the holy city of Rome.
And through it all, the two boys move ever closer to their destinies.
Pit of Vipers
(Sons of Kings Book 2)
In Pit of Vipers, the second
book in the Sons of Kings trilogy, the lives of Alfred of Wessex and Eadwulf of
Mercia continue to unfold against the ever increasing threat of Danish
raids.
Now back in his homeland, Eadwulf sets out on his determined quest for revenge, whilst Alfred’s leadership skills develop at the courts of his successive brothers. Before long, those skills will be put to the test . . .
The Danish invasion of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in 865 is merciless and relentless. Every year more Norse ships come to join their comrades in a quest to plunder for wealth and gain domination over the people.
The Wessex king is now Aethelred, Alfred’s last surviving brother, and Alfred becomes his trusted second-in-command. Whilst the Danes take kingdom after kingdom, the brothers wait with baited breath for them to set their sights on Wessex.
By 869 their worst fear is realised.
In the meantime, Eadwulf pursues the objects of his revenge.
Now back in his homeland, Eadwulf sets out on his determined quest for revenge, whilst Alfred’s leadership skills develop at the courts of his successive brothers. Before long, those skills will be put to the test . . .
The Danish invasion of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in 865 is merciless and relentless. Every year more Norse ships come to join their comrades in a quest to plunder for wealth and gain domination over the people.
The Wessex king is now Aethelred, Alfred’s last surviving brother, and Alfred becomes his trusted second-in-command. Whilst the Danes take kingdom after kingdom, the brothers wait with baited breath for them to set their sights on Wessex.
By 869 their worst fear is realised.
In the meantime, Eadwulf pursues the objects of his revenge.
Wyvern of Wessex
(Sons of Kings Book 3)
Eadwulf is back in the Sea
Eagle with Bjorn and his crew in a quest to discover if Eadwulf’s father, King
Beorhtwulf of Mercia, is still alive after twenty years as a slave. Bjorn’s
great dragonship carries them down to the searing June temperatures and strict
laws in the Moorish lands of al-Andalus. But searching for Beorhtwulf proves
more difficult than they’d expected, causing them more trouble than they
bargained for…
In Wessex, King Aethelred is now dead, leaving his twenty-one-year-old-brother, Alfred, to succeed to the throne. Though his succession was agreed by the witan, Alfred must now prove himself worthy of the kingship, or lose it. But Wessex is in turmoil, besieged by Viking Danes intent on subjugating the kingdom – and knowing that the new king is young and inexperienced. Alfred must use all his wiles if he is to outthink and outmanoeuvre Guthrum, the Dane who nearly becomes his nemesis.
Alfred’s victories and defeats take him on a journey of learning, during which he gains experience and strength. We share his highs and his lows and how he rises from the depths of despair to save his beloved kingdom from total conquest.
And at his side at his greatest time of need, is his new ally and friend, Eadwulf of Mercia.
In Wessex, King Aethelred is now dead, leaving his twenty-one-year-old-brother, Alfred, to succeed to the throne. Though his succession was agreed by the witan, Alfred must now prove himself worthy of the kingship, or lose it. But Wessex is in turmoil, besieged by Viking Danes intent on subjugating the kingdom – and knowing that the new king is young and inexperienced. Alfred must use all his wiles if he is to outthink and outmanoeuvre Guthrum, the Dane who nearly becomes his nemesis.
Alfred’s victories and defeats take him on a journey of learning, during which he gains experience and strength. We share his highs and his lows and how he rises from the depths of despair to save his beloved kingdom from total conquest.
And at his side at his greatest time of need, is his new ally and friend, Eadwulf of Mercia.
Millie Thom
Millie Thom is a former geography and
history teacher with a particular passion for the Anglo-Saxon and Viking
period. Originally from Lancashire, she is a mother of six grown up children
and now lives with her husband in a small village in Nottinghamshire, midway between
the town of Newark and the lovely old city of Lincoln. When not writing, Millie
enjoys long walks and is a serious fossil hunter. She is also an avid
traveller, swimmer and baker of cakes!